Free notes on Epidemiology NCISM for BAMS students, as per the latest NCISM syllabus. Read online on Ayurveda Siddhi.
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Q-1 All about incidence is false incidence except
(A) Not Affected By Duration (B) Measures Prevalence (C) Measures Old And New Cases (D) Used For Chronic Conditioning
Check Answer
(D) The false statement about incidence is that it is used for chronic conditioning. Incidence measures the rate of occurrence of new cases of a disease within a specified population over a defined period, and it is not specifically used for chronic conditions.
(B) Prospective Studies (Correct) – Follows individuals over time to identify new cases
Q-3 provides a scenario where in a population of 5000, the number of new cases of TB is 500 and old cases in the same population are 150. It then is the prevalence of TB
(A) 9% (B) 12% (C) 13% (D) 18%
Check Answer
Correct Ans (C): Prevalence is the total number of cases of a disease in a population at a specific point in time. In this scenario, the prevalence of TB would be (500 + 150) / 5000 = 13%.
Q-4 prevalence is
(A) Rate (B) Ratio (C) Proportion (D) Mean
Check Answer
(C) Proportion. Prevalence is the proportion of existing cases in a population at a given time.
Q-5 “Which of the following can cause an increase in prevalence of the disease?”
(A) Immigration of Healthy Persons (B) Increased Cure Rate (C) Longer Duration of Illness (D) Migration of Diseased Persons.
Check Answer
The correct answer is (C) Longer Duration of Illness. A longer duration of illness would lead to an increase in the number of existing cases, thereby increasing the prevalence of the disease.
Q-6 asks about the relationship between prevalence and incidence
(A) Both Are Rates (B) Prevalence Is A Rate but Incidence Is Not (C) Incidence Is A Rate But Prevalence Is Not (D) Both Are Not Rates.
Check Answer
The answer is (C) Incidence Is A Rate But Prevalence Is Not.
Here’s why:
Prevalence refers to the total number of cases of a condition within a population at a specific point in time. It’s a proportion, not a rate. For example, you might say “the prevalence of diabetes is 10%.” This tells you that 10% of the population has diabetes, but it doesn’t tell you how many new cases develop over time.
Incidence refers to the number of new cases of a condition that develop within a population over a specific period. It’s expressed as a rate, typically per unit of time (e.g., new cases per year). For instance, “the incidence of heart disease is 5 per 1000 people per year.” This indicates that 5 new cases of heart disease appear for every 1000 people each year.
Therefore, incidence is a rate that considers the element of time, while prevalence is a proportion that reflects the overall presence of a condition at a specific time.
Q-7 proportional mortality rate is
(A) Rate (B) Ratio (C) Proportion (D) None
Check Answer
The correct answer is (B) Ratio. The proportional mortality rate is a ratio that expresses the proportion of deaths due to a specific cause among all deaths in a population.
Q-8 “epidemiology is the distribution and determinants of ——- —– events”
(A) Political (B) Health Related (C) Social (D) Personal
Check Answer
(B) Health Related. Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related events in populations.
(A) Relative Risk. The odds ratio is an indirect estimate of relative risk, which is the ratio of the probability of an event occurring in the exposed group versus the unexposed group.
Q-10 asks about what the Crude Death Rate is the simplest measure of mortality because it includes
(A) Total Population (B) Mid-Year Population (C) Live Birth Only (D) Preterm Birth Also.
Check Answer
(A) Total Population (Correct) – Simplest measure of mortality per populationpen_spark
Q-11 asks about the definition of relative risk
(A)(probabilities of an event in control groups)/(probabilities of an event in treatment groups) (B)(probabilities of an event in treatment groups)/(probabilities of an event in control groups) (C) (probabilities of an event in treatment groups)/(probabilities of an event in control and treatment groups) (D)(probabilities of an event in treatment & control groups)/(probabilities of an event in control groups)
Check Answer
(B) (probabilities of an event in treatment groups) / (probabilities of an event in control groups). Relative risk is the ratio of the probability of an event occurring in the treatment (or exposed) group versus the control (or unexposed) group.
(A) Point Source Epidemic. The Bhopal gas tragedy was a sudden release of toxic gas from a single source, making it a point source epidemic.
Q-13 a case-control study can estimate
(A) Only Odds Ratio (B) Odds Ratio And Attributable Risks (C) Relative Risk, Attributable Risk, Population Attributable Risk (D) Incidence, Relative Risk And Attributable Risk
Check Answer
(A) Only Odds Ratio. Case-control studies are designed to estimate odds ratios, not relative risks or attributable risks directly.
Q-14 “distribution” refers to in epidemiology
(A) Frequency Of Health Events (B) Pattern Of Health Events (C) Frequency And Pattern Of Health Events (D) Absence Of Health Events
Check Answer
(C) Frequency And Pattern Of Health Events. In epidemiology, “distribution” refers to both the frequency and pattern (or characteristics) of health events in a population.
Q-15 provides a scenario where in a study to establish smoking as a risk factor for a disease, 30 out of 50 smokers had the disease while 10 out of 50 non-smokers had the disease. It then the Odds ratio is
(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 5 (D) 10.
Check Answer
(B) 6. Odds ratio = (30/20) / (10/40) = 6
Q-16 asks in what type of study the relative risk is calculated
(A) Cross Sectional Study (B) Cohort Study (C) Case Control Study (D) None
Check Answer
(B) Cohort Study. Relative risk is calculated in prospective cohort studies, where exposed and unexposed groups are followed to compare the incidence of the outcome.
Q-17 “Attributable risk” means
(A) Fatality Of A Disease (B) Disease Risk Ratio Between Exposed And Not Exposed (C) Risk Difference Between Exposed And Not Exposed (D) Communicability Of A Disease.
Check Answer
(C) Risk Difference Between Exposed And Not Exposed. Attributable risk is the difference in risk (or incidence) between the exposed and unexposed groups.
Q-18 what a relative risk of a disease measures
(A) Strength Of Association (B) Temporal Relational (C) Biological Plausibility (D) Specificity Of Association.
Check Answer
(A) Strength Of Association. Relative risk measures the strength of the association between an exposure and an outcome.
Q-19 what “Secular trend” means
(A) Seasonal Change (B) Short Term Change (C) Long Term Change (D) Periodical Change.
Check Answer
(C) Long Term Change (Correct) – Long-term shift in a health pattern
Q-20 is used to measure the maximum power of destruction of a disease
(A) Survival Rate (B) Case Fatality Rate (C) Specific Death Rate (D) Proportional Mortality Rate
Check Answer
(B) Case Fatality Rate (Correct) – Proportion of deaths among those with the disease
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