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Here is a list of pediatric clinical signs with brief explanations:
Neurological Signs
- Kernig’s Sign – Pain on knee extension, indicating meningitis.
- Brudzinski’s Sign – Neck flexion causes hip/knee flexion, indicating meningitis.
- Babinski Reflex – Toes fan upward when sole is stroked, normal in infants, abnormal in adults.
- Moro Reflex – Infant startles, extends arms, then retracts them.
- Grasp Reflex – Infant grasps objects placed in hand.
- Gower’s Sign – Difficulty rising from the floor, indicating muscular dystrophy.
- Bulging Fontanelle – Swelling of soft spot on head, indicating increased intracranial pressure.
- Head Lag – Head falls back when infant is pulled to sit, indicating neurological issues.
- Parachute Reflex – Arms extend to prevent fall when infant is held upright and moved toward a surface.
- Chvostek’s Sign – Facial twitch when tapping facial nerve, indicating hypocalcemia.
- Trousseau’s Sign – Carpal spasm after inflating a blood pressure cuff, indicating hypocalcemia.
Respiratory Signs
- Silverman-Anderson Score – Assessment of respiratory distress in neonates.
- Grunting – A sound made during exhalation, indicating respiratory distress.
- Nasal Flaring – Widening of nostrils during breathing, indicating respiratory distress.
- Steeple Sign – Subglottic narrowing on an X-ray, indicating croup.
- Tachypnea – Rapid breathing, indicating respiratory or metabolic issues.
- Tracheal Tug – Downward movement of trachea with inspiration, indicating respiratory distress.
Cardiovascular Signs
- Murmur – Abnormal heart sounds, indicating heart valve issues.
- Tet Spells – Cyanotic episodes in children with Tetralogy of Fallot.
- Venous Hum – Continuous murmur heard over the jugular vein, usually benign.
Gastrointestinal Signs
- Rooting Reflex – Infant turns head toward cheek stroke, helps with feeding.
- Pyloric Stenosis – Projectile vomiting in infants due to narrowing of pylorus.
- Meconium Aspiration – Respiratory distress from inhalation of meconium-stained amniotic fluid.
- Epstein Pearls – Small white cysts on gums, benign.
- Milian’s Ear Sign – Erythema of the ear in erysipelas infection.
Musculoskeletal Signs
- Allis’ Sign – Uneven knee heights, indicating hip dislocation.
- Ortolani Maneuver – Hip clunk with abduction, indicating hip dysplasia.
- Barlow Maneuver – Hip dislocation with adduction and pressure, indicating hip dysplasia.
- Scarf Sign – Elbow crosses midline easily, indicating hypotonia or preterm birth.
- Trendelenburg Sign – Pelvic drop on one side when standing, indicating hip dysfunction.
Dermatological Signs
- Café-au-lait Spots – Light brown skin patches, associated with neurofibromatosis.
- Blueberry Muffin Rash – Blue/purple spots on skin, indicating congenital infections.
- Harlequin Sign – Transient half-body color change in newborns.
- Erythema Toxicum – Common newborn rash with red spots and white pustules.
- Peau d’Orange – Dimpled skin, indicating lymphatic obstruction.
- Lanugo – Fine hair covering body of preterm infants.
- Telangiectasia – Small, dilated blood vessels on skin surface.
- Xanthomas – Yellowish deposits of fat under the skin, indicating lipid disorder.
Ophthalmological Signs
- Red Reflex – Red reflection from the retina, absence can indicate eye problems.
- White Reflex – White reflection from the retina, indicating retinoblastoma.
- Pseudostrabismus – False appearance of misaligned eyes.
- Lisch Nodules – Iris hamartomas, indicating neurofibromatosis.
Hematological Signs
- Battle’s Sign – Bruising behind the ear, indicating basal skull fracture.
- Raccoon Eyes – Periorbital bruising, indicating basal skull fracture.
- Subgaleal Hemorrhage – Blood accumulation between scalp and skull, often from birth trauma.
- Hydrocephalus – Enlargement of head due to cerebrospinal fluid accumulation.
- Caput Succedaneum – Swelling of the scalp in newborns, usually benign.
- Cephalohematoma – Blood collection under the scalp, often from birth trauma.
Metabolic Signs
- Reye’s Syndrome – Encephalopathy and liver dysfunction, often following aspirin use in viral illness.
- Fanconi Syndrome – Kidney disorder causing excess loss of various substances in urine.
- Mitral Facies – Facial appearance with pinkish cheeks, indicating mitral stenosis.
- Jaundice – Yellowing of the skin and eyes, indicating liver dysfunction.
- Scleral Icterus – Yellowing of the sclera, indicating jaundice.
Other Signs
- Milestones – Developmental assessment markers.
- Glasgow Coma Scale – Scale to assess consciousness level.
- Pierre Robin Sequence – Congenital condition with jaw, tongue, and airway abnormalities.
- Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome – Withdrawal symptoms in newborns exposed to drugs in utero.
- Widow’s Peak – V-shaped hairline, often a genetic trait.
- Wilms’ Tumor – Kidney tumor in children.
- Umbilical Hernia – Protrusion of intestine through abdominal wall near umbilicus.
- Strawberry Tongue – Red, bumpy tongue, indicating Kawasaki disease.
- Thrusting Tongue – Protrusion of tongue, indicating neurological issue.
- Yawn – Assess neurological state.
- Zebra Body – Lysosomal storage disorder sign seen under electron microscope.
These signs assist in diagnosing and managing various pediatric conditions, enhancing clinical assessment.
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