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Here is a list of pediatric clinical signs with brief explanations:

Neurological Signs

1. Kernig’s Sign – Pain on knee extension, indicating meningitis.
2. Brudzinski’s Sign – Neck flexion causes hip/knee flexion, indicating meningitis.
3. Babinski Reflex – Toes fan upward when sole is stroked, normal in infants, abnormal in adults.
4. Moro Reflex – Infant startles, extends arms, then retracts them.
5. Grasp Reflex – Infant grasps objects placed in hand.
6. Gower’s Sign – Difficulty rising from the floor, indicating muscular dystrophy.
7. Bulging Fontanelle – Swelling of soft spot on head, indicating increased intracranial pressure.
8. Head Lag – Head falls back when infant is pulled to sit, indicating neurological issues.
9. Parachute Reflex – Arms extend to prevent fall when infant is held upright and moved toward a surface.
10. Chvostek’s Sign – Facial twitch when tapping facial nerve, indicating hypocalcemia.
11. Trousseau’s Sign – Carpal spasm after inflating a blood pressure cuff, indicating hypocalcemia.

Respiratory Signs

12. Silverman-Anderson Score – Assessment of respiratory distress in neonates.
13. Grunting – A sound made during exhalation, indicating respiratory distress.
14. Nasal Flaring – Widening of nostrils during breathing, indicating respiratory distress.
15. Steeple Sign – Subglottic narrowing on an X-ray, indicating croup.
16. Tachypnea – Rapid breathing, indicating respiratory or metabolic issues.
17. Tracheal Tug – Downward movement of trachea with inspiration, indicating respiratory distress.

Cardiovascular Signs

18. Murmur – Abnormal heart sounds, indicating heart valve issues.
19. Tet Spells – Cyanotic episodes in children with Tetralogy of Fallot.
20. Venous Hum – Continuous murmur heard over the jugular vein, usually benign.

Gastrointestinal Signs

21. Rooting Reflex – Infant turns head toward cheek stroke, helps with feeding.
22. Pyloric Stenosis – Projectile vomiting in infants due to narrowing of pylorus.
23. Meconium Aspiration – Respiratory distress from inhalation of meconium-stained amniotic fluid.
24. Epstein Pearls – Small white cysts on gums, benign.
25. Milian’s Ear Sign – Erythema of the ear in erysipelas infection.

Musculoskeletal Signs

26. Allis’ Sign – Uneven knee heights, indicating hip dislocation.
27. Ortolani Maneuver – Hip clunk with abduction, indicating hip dysplasia.
28. Barlow Maneuver – Hip dislocation with adduction and pressure, indicating hip dysplasia.
29. Scarf Sign – Elbow crosses midline easily, indicating hypotonia or preterm birth.
30. Trendelenburg Sign – Pelvic drop on one side when standing, indicating hip dysfunction.

Dermatological Signs

31. Café-au-lait Spots – Light brown skin patches, associated with neurofibromatosis.
32. Blueberry Muffin Rash – Blue/purple spots on skin, indicating congenital infections.
33. Harlequin Sign – Transient half-body color change in newborns.
34. Erythema Toxicum – Common newborn rash with red spots and white pustules.
35. Peau d’Orange – Dimpled skin, indicating lymphatic obstruction.
36. Lanugo – Fine hair covering body of preterm infants.
37. Telangiectasia – Small, dilated blood vessels on skin surface.
38. Xanthomas – Yellowish deposits of fat under the skin, indicating lipid disorder.

Ophthalmological Signs

39. Red Reflex – Red reflection from the retina, absence can indicate eye problems.
40. White Reflex – White reflection from the retina, indicating retinoblastoma.
41. Pseudostrabismus – False appearance of misaligned eyes.
42. Lisch Nodules – Iris hamartomas, indicating neurofibromatosis.

Hematological Signs

43. Battle’s Sign – Bruising behind the ear, indicating basal skull fracture.

44. Raccoon Eyes – Periorbital bruising, indicating basal skull fracture.
45. Subgaleal Hemorrhage – Blood accumulation between scalp and skull, often from birth trauma.
46. Hydrocephalus – Enlargement of head due to cerebrospinal fluid accumulation.
47. Caput Succedaneum – Swelling of the scalp in newborns, usually benign.
48. Cephalohematoma – Blood collection under the scalp, often from birth trauma.

Metabolic Signs

49. Reye’s Syndrome – Encephalopathy and liver dysfunction, often following aspirin use in viral illness.
50. Fanconi Syndrome – Kidney disorder causing excess loss of various substances in urine.
51. Mitral Facies – Facial appearance with pinkish cheeks, indicating mitral stenosis.
52. Jaundice – Yellowing of the skin and eyes, indicating liver dysfunction.
53. Scleral Icterus – Yellowing of the sclera, indicating jaundice.

Other Signs

54. Milestones – Developmental assessment markers.
55. Glasgow Coma Scale – Scale to assess consciousness level.
56. Pierre Robin Sequence – Congenital condition with jaw, tongue, and airway abnormalities.
57. Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome – Withdrawal symptoms in newborns exposed to drugs in utero.
58. Widow’s Peak – V-shaped hairline, often a genetic trait.
59. Wilms’ Tumor – Kidney tumor in children.
60. Umbilical Hernia – Protrusion of intestine through abdominal wall near umbilicus.
61. Strawberry Tongue – Red, bumpy tongue, indicating Kawasaki disease.
62. Thrusting Tongue – Protrusion of tongue, indicating neurological issue.
63. Yawn – Assess neurological state.
64. Zebra Body – Lysosomal storage disorder sign seen under electron microscope.

These signs assist in diagnosing and managing various pediatric conditions, enhancing clinical assessment.